History

The history of the territory of Republic of Turkey counts abot 10000 years. The first settlements are dated as 7500 BC.

2600-1900 years BC on the territory of Turkey there was situated Protoimpery of Hetts.

1900-1300 years BC Hetts’Kingdom was situated here.

1200-600 years BC coming of the Greek tribes, ruling of Midas and Crease, founding of monets.

550 year BC – Anatolia was conquered by Persian tribes.

334 year BC Aleksandr of Macedon defeates Persian army and conqueres Asia. After this victory during some centuries  the territory of modern Turkey was the part of Roman Empire. İn 230 year after the collapse of Roman Empire Konstantinopol(nowerdays İstanbul) becomes the capital of Byzantine. 527-565 years were the  greatest years in the history of Byzantine in the times of ruling emperor Yustinian 1st. The biggest christian cathedral – The Cathedral of Saint Sophy was built that time.

20-30ies years of the 14th century on the west of Asia a new feudal principality was formed. It was called after the name of its founder Osman 1^st. The nations which were included in this principality got the names of turkish-osmans. This nation was the mixture of Turkic tribes and autocthonic nationalities.  The ruling klass was consisting of  soldiers-feudals , that’s why it was military-feudal state. The main priorities for the rulers of the new country was conquering and right robberying of the new lands.

20-30th years of the 14th century turks-osmans conquered the last land of Byzantine in Anatolia. Bursa was proclaimed the first capital of Osman Empire.

In the 2^nd half of the 14^th century all Easten Frakia was conquered by the Turkish army. In 1389 year Serbia, after it Bulgarian Kingdom, Fessalia, Makedonia. In the end of 14^th century all Anatolian principalities were included in Osman Empire.

In the beginning of 15^th century Osman Empire was devided into small principalities after the entering of Timur and anti-feudal uprisings of the conquered nationalities. Also the great role in this situation played the wars between the sons of Bayazid 1^st.

In the 4o-ies of 15^th century sultan Murat 2nd reunited the small principalities into one state again and began wars with the states nearby to conquer new lands. In 1453 the son of Murat 2^nd , Mehmet, after 2 monthes of Konstantinopol’s siege, captures it, and Byzantine Empire finishis its existing. Konstantinopol was proclaimed the capital of Osman Empire.

In the 50-70ies of 15^th century Osman Empire captures Serbia, Bosnia, Moraya, Attik, Albania, Trapezund Empire, Turkish suzerainty was proclaimed above Crimea Chanate and Valahia.

1514-1515 years Kurdistan, Armenia and Nothern Mesopotamiya were captured; 1516-1517 years- Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Hidgaz; 1519- partly Algeria; 1521-Belgrad; 1526 year- the biggest part of Hungerian Kingdom was captured by Turkish army.

In the middle of 16^th century Rodos and many other islands of Aegean Sea, Tripolitany, the whole Algeria were captured by Osman Empire. That time the territory of Osman Empire was about 8 mln sq. km, and almost all Mediterranean Sea coasts were controlled by it.

In the end of 16^th-beginning of 17^th century Osman Empire began to loose its power because of the uprising of the conquered nationalities. Except of this reason endless wars with Poland, Iran, Austria, Venice made the powerful empire exhausted.

In the 17^th-19^th centuries Osman Empire all the time made wars with Russian Empire. The history knows some of that wars. One after other Russian Empire or Osman Empire won the battles. But to the end of 19^th century Osman Empire was really totally exhausted. The last attempt to save the country made Abdul-Hamid 2^nd , who ruled from 1876 to 1909 and was removed from power after the Young Turk Revolution.

1914-1919 years- Turkey was taking part in the 1^st World War  as ally of Germany. After being defeated in this war , the territory of the country was occupied by Italian army.

1920-1921 years- the war for independence of  Turkey was leading by Mustafa Kemal.

29.10.1923 Turkey was proclaimed independent country and the capital was changed for Ankara.

1924 year – the Constitution of Turkey was proclaimed.

1925-1935 years- Turkish society was totally changed. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk entered the history of  Turkey not only as the first president of the country, but also as a great reformator, who made Turkey so like we know it in the present times. The legal system of Europian tipe was entered, polygamy mariages were proclaimed forbidden, it was required to marry legally. Religion was totally separated from the state, latin alphabet was entered instead of Arabic.

1938 year- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk died and the power to rule the country was concentrated in the hands of Atatürk’s  accomplice Ismet Inen. Long time the only legal party  was only Repubic National Party(Atatürk’s party). In the 2^nd  World War Turkey keeped neutral position.

1946-1950 years- democratic regime was setted in the country. Democratic party won the elections.

1950-1961 years- almost all  power of the country was concentrated in the hands of democratic party. The situation was dangerous to the democracy system. Number of democratic leaders were executed being accused in the violation of democracy. The leader of democratic party Adnan Menderes was executed and new elections were proceeded.

1970 year –again troubles in the country because of concentarating of too much power in the hands of democratic party. The army was used again to reestablish the democracy. Existing power was removed.

1980 year – a big parliamentary crisis because of not concluding some consensus between 2 parties. Some months the president could not be chosen and inflation was rising very fast. That year it rose 130%. Only with the help of army it became real to reestablish order in the country.

The constitution was rewritten in such a way, not to make possible an arise of a new parliamentary crisis. The leader of military government Kenan Evren dissolved military committee and proclaimed himself president.

From 1983 the elections in the country are proceed according to the new Constitution. The same year Anavatan party won the elections. New prime minister Turgut Ezal proclaimed the liberalization of the economy which proceeded a great business boom, which leaded to the financial and cultural development of the state.